Japanese occupation. We argue that two main patterns of population movements are evident. In food-deficit areas, a search for … surplus regions because the chief risk was to personal safety, especially from Japanese and Allied bombing. Black markets were …

Japan, and the monetary and inflation consequences of Japanese policies. In Malaya, Burma, Indonesia and the Philippines … enforcement of monetary monopoly, and because of declining Japanese military capability to ship resources home. In Thailand and … Indochina, occupation costs and bilateral clearing arrangements created near open-ended Japanese purchasing power and allowed …