In this modern digital world, goods from the information and communications technology (ICT) sector are the engine of the global economy. While tariffs levied on ICT goods have been eliminated or significantly reduced since the conclusion in December 1996 of the Information Technology Agreement...

Eight multilateral rounds of negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and international agreements under the World Trade Organisation (WTO) have contributed significantly to the reduction of tariffs among WTO members. However, over the years legitimate reasons for the...

Regulative non-tariff measures (NTMs), such as technical barriers to trade (TBTs) and sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, have frequently been imposed to regulate the quality of imported goods when the market fails to address some issues of concern regarding harmful products with low...

In Pakistan Labor unions‘ is least researched area. Labor unions in Pakistan have been attributed with securing financial benefits for their members through collective bargaining. But unions have also been exerting efforts for securing non-financial benefits for workers in the form of: Job...

According to definition of labor unions, they have always been attributed with securing financial and non-financial benefits for their members through collective bargaining. But unions have also been playing role beyond collective bargaining for state and employer in: increasing productivity or...

Eighteenth century witnessed the industrial revolution, which paved the way to change the human society from agrarian to industrialized society. It not only changed the scale and methods but the whole pattern of the manufacturing. Big factories replaced individual handicrafts wherein workers...

HRD is an important topic of present time. It is considered by management professionals as sub discipline of HRM, but many researchers have broadened the scope and integrated the concept of HRD by looking it from socioeconomic angle and giving it other dimensions such as physical, intellectual,...

HRD is an important topic of present time. It is considered by management professionals, as sub discipline of HRM, but many researchers have, broadened the scope and integrated the concept of HRD by looking it from socioeconomic angle and giving it other dimension such as physical, intellectual,...

Labor unions are the organization which by definition have function of only struggling to secure benefits for their members, such as financial gains like rise of wages, bonuses, various allowances insurance benefits, overtime payment and non financial bene fits such as job security, comfortable...