Since their inception in 1995, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)'s Gender-Related Development Index (GDI …) and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) have been criticized on conceptual and empirical grounds. In 2005-6, the UNDP's Human … adjusting the recommendations, making concrete proposals for two gender-related indicators, and presenting illustrative results …

Using cross-country and panel regressions, we investigate to what extent gender gaps in education and employment … (proxied using gender gaps in labor force participation) reduce economic growth. Using the most recent data and investigating … analysis to employment gaps using panel data. We find that gender gaps in education and employment considerably reduce economic …