This article studies how equity ownership and corporate control were separated in the United States. Initially, railroads and industrial firms were tightly controlled by a few shareholders; this situation was altered in the 1890s by massive mergers and reorganizations, which allowed private...

World financial crisis unveiled the precarious position of modern monetary system based on a centralized fiat money supply and fractional-reserve banking. The scale of the crisis and the threat of major price inflation, which has already become a reality on commodities markets, confirm the...

The restrictions dealt with application of traditional methods of the analysis of equities are considered. It is shown that the methods of analysis, which have recommended themselves well in natural sciences, cannot be directly used in financial market study. The objective of this article is to...

Liberalization of Singapore's financial sector causes its fund management industry to expand rapidly. As of December 1, 1998 there were 191 unit trusts to choose from. Eventually, Singapore, like the USA and Hong Kong, will have more unit trusts than stocks listed on its exchange. Many...

World financial crisis unveiled the shaky state of modern monetary system, based on a centralized fiat money supply and fractional-reserve banking. The scale of the crisis and the threat of major inflation, which has already become a reality on commodities markets, confirm the instability of the...

World financial crisis unveiled the shaky state of modern monetary system, based on a centralized fiat money supply and fractional-reserve banking. The scale of the crisis and the threat of major inflation, which has already become a reality on commodities markets, confirm the instability of the...

The noise trader sentiment model of De Long, Shleifer, Summers, and Waldmann (1990a) is applied to futures markets. The theoretical results predict that overly optimistic (pessimistic) noise traders result in market prices that are greater (less) than fundamental value. Thus, returns can be...

After a brief review of option pricing theory, we introduce various methods proposed for extracting the statistical information implicit in options prices. Among the methods discussed are: lognormal Edgeworth expansions, cumulant expansions, Hermite polynomial expansions, nonparametric kernel...

We measure the loss potential of Hedge Funds by combining three market risk measures: VaR, Draw-Down and Time Under-The-Water. Calculations are carried out considering three different frameworks regarding Hedge Fund returns: i) Normality and time-independence, ii) Non-normality and time-...

The dynamics of the unobservable "short" or "instantaneous" rate of interest are frequently estimated using a proxy variable. We show the biases resulting from this practice (the "proxy" problem) are related to the derivatives of the proxy with respect to the short rate and the (inverse)...