The consequences of errors in trade classification are potentially worse than documented in existing empirical research. This is demonstrated by the use of a formal model of classification errors in a generic regression-type microstructure model. The bias is a function of the probability of...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to simulate the function of foreign trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and regional gross domestic product (GDP) in China, explore how these two variables affect regional GDP together and provide evidence to export-led growth (ELG) and FDI-led growth....