associated with average returns. We show that the resulting portfolios are likely to capture not only the priced risk associated … with the characteristic, but also unpriced risk. We develop a procedure to remove this unpriced risk using covariance …

average risk tolerance across investors. The same constant applies to every real foreign investment held by every investor … market risk premia, an average of world market volatilities, and an average of exchange rate volatilities, where we take the … exchange risk approaches zero, the constant will be equal to one minus the ratio of the variance of the world market return to …

a simple extension of the long-run risk model … risks. Portfolios hedging macro uncertainty have historically earned zero or even significantly positive returns, while …