This paper presents unique evidence that orphanhood matters in the long run for health and education outcomes, in a … this period, allowing the authors to assess the permanent health and education impacts of orphanhood. The analysis controls …

1991 and 2004. The analysis addresses concerns about heterogeneity and unobservable factors correlated with both income …

urbanization may well bear on the speed of poverty reduction. This paper reviews the latter question within the context of Tanzania …. It starts from the observation that migration to towns contributed much more to poverty reduction than migration to … access off-farm employment and exit poverty because they are more nearby. It concludes with a call for greater consideration …

appreciating the role of secondary towns in rural-urban migration and poverty reduction. Secondary towns occupy a unique middle …. Secondary towns therefore have great potential as vehicles for inclusive growth and poverty reduction in urbanizing developing …

income, migration cost and poverty line conditions under which a poverty gradient from rural to town to city will exist as an …Should public investment be targeted to big cities or to small towns, if the objective is to minimize national poverty …