Longitudinal Monitoring Surveys over the past two decades spanning this transition. We find rising income levels and decreasing … staying in the formal sector is statistically significantly associated with reduced downward mobility and increased income … growth. However, a similar transition from the private sector to the public sector is negatively associated with income …

-from several countries, spanning different income levels and geographical regions-perform well under various deviations from model …

suggest that policy makers in Vietnam should focus on reducing spatial disparities and income inequality in order to attain …