employment and earnings. To account for endogenous migration decisions, we instrument for oil and gas production in workers …’ state of residence via the predicted percent of oil and gas employment in their state of birth. We find statistically …

, race, and ethnicity: the probability of employment in the oil and gas industry and the log wages of workers employed … outside the oil and gas industry. We find that men and women both gain employment in the oil and gas industry during booms …

COVID-19 substantially decreased employment, but the effects vary among demographic and socioeconomic groups. We … document the employment losses in April 2020 across various groups using the U.S. Current Population Survey. The unemployment … rate understates employment losses. We focus on the percentage of the civilian population that is employed and at work …