taxation and in-kind benefits to the analysis of net contributions. Our findings highlight that migrants on average contributed …

This paper analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on household income in Austria, using detailed administrative …-enhancing effect of COVID-19. Additionally, we find that females tend to experience a greater loss in terms of market income. The … Austrian tax-benefit system, however, reduces this gender differences. Disposable income has dropped by around 1% for both …

employees and the selfemployed. We show that while on average income protection was similar for employees and the self …. For employees, both monetary compensation schemes and unemployment benefits played a similar role in absorbing the income … stabilised their income. Overall, we find that monetary compensation schemes, together with automatic stabilisers, absorbed a …

This paper refines the concept of disposable income by incorporating governmentprovided in-kind benefits for education … including these elements significantly reduces income inequality, as seen in a decrease in the Gini coefficient across all … examined countries. While direct taxes and cash benefits are the main drivers of redistribution, in-kind benefits also play a …