, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom. We find strong and significant cognitive losses of students lacking the … with the digital divide, while family characteristics matter in the United Kingdom. In the longer run, students who cannot …

School closures, forced by the COVID-19 crisis in many countries, impacted on children's lives and their learning …. Distant learning solutions adopted by schools have been heterogeneous over countries, within countries and between school … levels.As a consequence, most of the burden of children's learning fell on their parents, with likely uneven results …

School closures induced by the COVID-19 pandemic led to concerns about student learning. This paper evaluates the … effect of school closures on student learning in Uzbekistan, using a unique dataset that allows assessing change in learning … over time. The findings show that test scores in math for grade 5 students improved over time by 0.29 standard deviation …

to estimate learning losses. It models the effect of school closures on achievement by predicting the deviation of the …. Scores declined by an average of 14 percent of a standard deviation, roughly equal to seven months of learning. Losses were … greater for students in schools that faced relatively longer closures, boys, immigrants, and disadvantaged students …

exacerbating existing learning gaps. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of an intervention implemented in Italian middle … schools that provides free individual tutoring online to disadvantaged students during lock-down. Tutors are university … students who volunteer for 3 to 6 hours per week. They were randomly assigned to middle school students, from a list of …

We evaluate the causal effect of class size (i.e., number of students in a classroom) on incidence of class closure due … to flu epidemic in 2015, 2016, and 2017, applying an instrumental variable method with the Maimonides rule to … administrative data of public primary and middle school students in one of the largest municipalities within the City of Tokyo …

Many studies examine the importance of teachers in students' learning, but few exist on the contribution of principals …

We derive a model in which firms operate in an epidemic environment and internalize infections among their employees in … the workplace. The model is calibrated to fit the properties of the Covid-19 epidemic. We show that firms have incentives to …