This paper estimates private and social returns to investment in education in Turkey, using the 2017 Household Labor … Force Survey and alternative methodologies. The analysis uses the 1997 education reform of increasing compulsory education … by three years as an instrument. This results in a private rate of return on the order of 16 percent for higher education …

primary school education from 7 to 8 years. At the same time, the reform did not affect the education system at post …-primary levels, that is the system of secondary and higher education. In result, all education tracks were extended by one year … reform had a negative impact on the hourly earnings of individuals with primary education. …

The literature on workplace learning in secondary education has mainly focussed on vocational education programmes. In … this study, we examine the impact of internship experience in secondary education on a student’s schooling and early labour … sequential outcomes by means of a dynamic discrete choice model. In line with the literature on vocational education programmes …

In 1999, a reform of education was implemented in Poland, which added one year to the shortest available educational … path, leading to the acquisition of basic vocational education. In the new system, students choosing this path acquire one … more year of general education, which, according to the authors of the reform, should improve the student's position in the …

results show that while the public sector pays on average more than the private sector, the effect of education on earnings is … stronger in the private sector. However, the returns to tertiary education are higher in the private sector. …