This paper estimates private and social returns to investment in education in Turkey, using the 2017 Household Labor … Force Survey and alternative methodologies. The analysis uses the 1997 education reform of increasing compulsory education … by three years as an instrument. This results in a private rate of return on the order of 16 percent for higher education …

they take their daughters, and (3) the fact that parents of boy students spend more on their children's education can be …

's education from ages 5 to 15. Significant gaps in test scores and parental investment are found between children from lower and …

primary school education from 7 to 8 years. At the same time, the reform did not affect the education system at post …-primary levels, that is the system of secondary and higher education. In result, all education tracks were extended by one year … reform had a negative impact on the hourly earnings of individuals with primary education. …

are still underrepresented in several occupations. In this article, the effect of gender norms on whether women enter male …-dominated occupations is analysed using differences in gender equality among early-arrival migrants. The variations in gender norms … occupational choices. Using data from the American Community Survey, it is found that greater gender equality in the country of …

education graduates in Poland. Design/methodology/approach: The author uses data from the nationwide tracer survey of Polish … education institution (HEI) on a rich set of individuals' characteristics. In order to reduce the bias due to selection to …