, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom. We find strong and significant cognitive losses of students lacking the … with the digital divide, while family characteristics matter in the United Kingdom. In the longer run, students who cannot …

to estimate learning losses. It models the effect of school closures on achievement by predicting the deviation of the …. Scores declined by an average of 14 percent of a standard deviation, roughly equal to seven months of learning. Losses were … greater for students in schools that faced relatively longer closures, boys, immigrants, and disadvantaged students …

We derive a model in which firms operate in an epidemic environment and internalize infections among their employees in … the workplace. The model is calibrated to fit the properties of the Covid-19 epidemic. We show that firms have incentives to …

School closures induced by the COVID-19 pandemic led to concerns about student learning. This paper evaluates the … effect of school closures on student learning in Uzbekistan, using a unique dataset that allows assessing change in learning … over time. The findings show that test scores in math for grade 5 students improved over time by 0.29 standard deviation …