Purpose – Gender empowerment measure (GEM) is an assessment about inequalities between men's and women's opportunities in a country. The concept of empowerment can be explored through three interrelated dimensions: agency, resources and achievements. Agency refers to processes by which choices...

Purpose – This paper seeks to investigate barriers faced by women in acquiring higher positions in a Malaysian multinational oil company. Design/methodology/approach – Data were obtained through a survey involving 78 executive women in the Malaysian oil company. A structured questionnaire...