The purpose of this discussion paper is to discuss selected health challenges in the Russian Federation, focusing on outcomes, expenditures and options for policy and institutional reforms in the health care system. The areas covered in the paper draw on recent studies and reports, and take into...

The Final Project Report is the result of a study commissioned by the World Bank in 2001 to examine best practice harm reduction for HIV prevention among injecting drug users (IDUs) in community and prison settings in the Russian Federation. The report is based on 26 surveys completed by needle...

The objective of this study was to assess the smoking situation in Brazil, and the role of the tobacco control program, and compare it to experience in other countries. The study assessed key trends in smoking rates and lung cancer in Brazil, and reviewed price and non-price interventions. A...

This study evaluates the impact of the Mexican conditional cash transfer (CCT) program, Oportunidades and the Nicaraguan program, Red de Protecci??n Social, on vaccination coverage for Bacille Calmette-Gu??rin (vaccine against tuberculosis), Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus Vaccine, Oral Polio...

Although diet structure and activity throughout the developing world have shifted drastically over the past several decades, little is known about effective policies to influence the supply and demand for food to control the undesirable effects, such as obesity, heart disease and cancer, of...