This paper endeavors to study Spanish protectionism on the Italian mirror. On the assumption that the literature presents both European peripheral countries at a similar stage of development and commercial policy replies to late 19th century economic globalization. Italian tariff policy was much...

This paper analyses the cyclical behaviour of the German annual aggregate wage earnings over 179 years. Our results show that there are transitory exogenous shocks which contain predictive information for aggregate wages in a non-linear framework.

This article analyses the demographic matrix of France since the end of World War 2. We first show the fundamental character of the demographic variable for explaining economic growth. The importance of the youngest cohort, and hence fertility, is shown for the economic dynamic. This is followed...