passenger road traffic, total external costs amount to about 44 ECU/1000 pkm on the route Frankfurt -Milan, including the impact … of the transport modes, external costs of passenger road traffic are about 9 times as high as those of rail traffic and … about twice as high as those of air traffic. For goods transport by road, the total external costs (30.6 ECU/1000 tkm) are …

In the European Union (EU) and in Germany the transport sector is the only sector with increasing CO2 emissions (in the … EU by about 32 % and in Germany by about 1 % since 1990). Especially in road freight and air transport a further strong …

large economies, USA, United Kingdom, Germany, France and Japan. The empirical results show that although the pure NGARCH …