created 11 municipalities between 1994 and 2004. Using territories that sought, but failed to, achieve independence as … controls, we find that schools in newly created municipalities, on average, experienced a standard deviation decline of 0.2 in … classroom teachers and school management teams in newly created municipalities. In contrast, we found that reducing the size of …

. This paper explores these dynamics empirically, taking advantage of the fact that in Brazilian municipalities primary … in the same municipalities is compared in terms of their levels of inputs and the efficiency of service delivery using … municipalities where inequality is higher and education and political participation are lower. …

arbitrary rule used in Colombia to define the municipalities that can autonomously manage schools, to evaluate through a … as a counterfactual schools located in municipalities that just missed the population criteria, schools that are managed … by the departments. Our results suggest that schools in municipalities that became autonomous in terms of their public …