differently to acute stressors. We use two laboratory experiments to investigate whether factors related to stress can help … explain the gender gap in competitiveness. Experiment 1 studies whether stress responses (measured with salivary cortisol and … voluntary competition. We find that while the mandatory competition does increase stress levels, there is no gender difference …

origins. This paper analyzes one factor at a critical stage of human development: exposure to maternal stress from family … severe stress; the decrease in consumption of prescription drugs treating depression alone can be valued at nearly $ 1 … billion. More generally, our results point to in utero stress exposure as a potential cause of the rising incidence of several …

against the harmful effect of stress on happiness? Moreover, do gender and religious affiliation modify these associations … women and only for Protestants. In addition, an interaction effect between religious attendance and stress is observed for … women only; the negative association between stress and happiness is weakened among those women who report more frequent …