, regular employment has been withdrawn in favour of temporary employment or self-employment. There is a special social security … due to its popularity. The analysis in this paper focuses on the employment development of of musicians, performing … and characteristics of the artistic labour markets, as working patterns, earnings, human capital and employment status …

compares pathways into self-employment among men and women in the United States and Western Germany. Academic and vocational … credentials are more important for stabilizing self-employment in the United States than in Germany, where the lack of credentials … is a significant deterrent to self-employment entry. Intergenerational transmission of self-employment is more prominent …