Water is an increasingly scarce resource. It is often distributed such that consumers do not face any marginal cost of … water at zero marginal cost. Using high-frequency data over many years, we analyze how the introduction of apartment …-level metering and billing (IMB) affects hot water consumption. We find that introducing a marginal cost, reflecting the market price …

There is debate among researchers regarding the importance of water filtration in reducing mortality during the … epidemiological transition. However, there is limited research on how water filtration affected cholera mortality during the second … half of the 19th century. Using historical microdata, this paper provides new evidence on the importance of water …

exported from developing to EU countries, and using this as the dependent variable in an estimation. Moreover, it also tests …

or not EU imports from the rest of the world also are short-lived. Second, since there is at this point no clear commonly … rich data set of detailed imports to the EU15 countries from 140 exporters, covering the time period 1962-2006. Using these … data, we begin by conducting a thorough descriptive analysis of the duration of EU imports. Thereafter, we perform a …

both tariff and non-tariff barriers like trade procedures. We argue that since trade procedures vary markedly across EU … countries, the EU is not, strictly speaking, a customs union. To illustrate this, we estimate the impact of trade procedures on … exports from non-EU countries and find a highly statistically significant and negative effect. Simulating what the effects …