hypothesis, making use of photograph-based judgments by 2,772 respondents of the facial appearance of 1,785 Finnish political …

numbers to study the drivers of a gender gap in political influence among elected politicians. Using panel data for the … careers of 35.000 Swedish municipal politicians over six election cycles we first document the said gender gap. Women are … meritocracy is not enforced. Positive correlations between competition and measures of competence for elected politicians of both …

- and examine how their chances of promotion depend on their performance in office and connections with top politicians. Our … empirical analysis, based on the curriculum vitae of Chinese politicians, shows that connections and performance are complements … allowing incumbent top politicians to select competent provincial leaders without risking being ousted. Auxiliary evidence …

empirical tests for this phenomenon and apply them to longitudinal data on Swedish politicians. Results show that women face a …

are tested with data on candidates in Swedish municipalities over seven elections (1988-2010), where we use administrative … data on labor-market performance to craete a measure of the competence of politicians. We investigate the effects of the … politicians where it raised the share of female representation the most. …

We study how friendship shapes students' political opinions in a natural experiment. We use the indicator whether two …