world mean for development?; (xiii) modernizing multilateral institutions; (xiv) reforming to become more representative and …

achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The paper examines the role of Islamic financial institutions, capital markets …

Macroeconomic costs of conflict are generally very large, with GDP per capita about 28 percent lower ten years after … conflict onset. This is overwhelmingly driven by private consumption, which falls by 25 percent ten years after conflict onset …. Conflict is also associated with dramatic declines in official trade, with exports (imports) estimated to be 58 (34) percent …