Europe after the global financial crisis (GFC). We find that the post-GFC recoveries in Europe have been weaker than previous …

, Europe and Japan allowing for fiscal multipliers to vary across recessions and booms. We also estimate ex ante probabilities …

This study assesses the overall impact on credit of the financial regulatory reforms in Europe, Japan, and the United … higher taxes and fees. Overall, average lending rates in the base case would rise by 18 bps in Europe, 8 bps in Japan, and 28 …

in Europe with a focus on these two groups, looking at contributions from cyclical and other factors, and seeking to draw …

The extent of fiscal transparency in Western Europe has varied over the centuries. Although ancient Greek, Roman, and …

This paper examines the drivers, and reestimates the size of shadow economies in Europe, with a focus on the emerging … economies, and recommends policies to increase formality. The size of shadow economies declined across Europe in recent years … but remains significant, especially in Eastern Europe. In the emerging European economies, the key determinants of shadow …

This paper presents novel empirical evidence on the labor market integration of migrants across Europe. It investigates …

the term sovereign risk. Developments in Europe since early 2010 presented new challenges for the functioning of private … shows that exposure to sovereign risk may have limited the ability of banks in Europe to attract deposits. The results are …