countries' own interests. The potential fiscal, environmental and welfare impacts of energy subsidy reform are substantial …

consumption to changes in energy prices and the implications of our findings for the debate on energy subsidy reform. Our findings … significant long-term benefits from the reform of energy subsidies. Our findings also indicate that short-term gains from subsidy … reform are likely to be much smaller, which suggests the need for either a gradual approach to subsidy reform or for more …

percent of the 2020 subsidy reflects undercharging for supply costs (explicit subsidies) and 92 percent for undercharging for …

power in global markets. First, competition has declinedaround the world, measured as a moderate increase in average firm …