-consequences of a supply-driven oil-price shock are very different from those of an oil-demand shock driven by global economic …

negative credit supply shock applied to SMEs has an adverse effect on economic activity, and this impact is amplified in …

impact of a shock in one country on all other countries. The paper concludes that the network effects in shock spillovers can … be substantial, comparable, and often exceed the initial shock. Individual countries may amplify, absorb, or block … spillovers. Most developed countries pass-through shocks, whereas low-income countries and oil exporters tend to block shock …