percent of the 2020 subsidy reflects undercharging for supply costs (explicit subsidies) and 92 percent for undercharging for …

consumption to changes in energy prices and the implications of our findings for the debate on energy subsidy reform. Our findings … significant long-term benefits from the reform of energy subsidies. Our findings also indicate that short-term gains from subsidy … reform are likely to be much smaller, which suggests the need for either a gradual approach to subsidy reform or for more …

Background paper prepared for the October 2020 IMF World Economic Outlook. This paper provides a detailed presentation … of the simulation results from the October 2020 IMF World Economic Outlook chapter 3 and an additional scenario with …

research subsidy funded by a carbon tax, driven in the short term by the direct effect of the carbon tax on the composition of …

pricing, fossil fuel subsidy reform, renewable subsidies, feebates, emission rate regulations, and public investments. To …, fiscal, and social impacts. To support this effort, the IMF and World Bank are making their joint Climate Policy Assessment …

Rising fuel subsidies have contributed to fiscal pressures in India. A key policy concern regarding subsidy reform is … implications of fuel subsidy reform in India. Fuel subsidies are found to be badly targeted, with the richest ten percent of … households receiving seven times more in benefits than the poorest ten percent. Although subsidy reform would generate …