The paper investigates EU banks' profitability through the recent financial cycle using banklevelbalance sheet and …, such as higher reliance on fees andcommission income, were associated with better profitability post-crisis …

Schemes of residual profit allocation (RPA) tax multinationals by allocating their 'routine' profits to countries in … which their activities take place and sharing their remaining 'residual' profit across countries on some formulaic basis …

: (1) distribution expenses are large – they amount to over half of labor costs; (2) plants in the largest decile …, distribution costs as a share of sales declined by one third. We develop a model of heterogeneous manufacturing firms that rely on … share. In combination with the model, these trends suggest largescale decreases in both variable and fixed costs of …