previous IMF analyses through more sophisticated estimation of costs and impacts of reform. Globally, fossil fuel subsidies … percent of the 2020 subsidy reflects undercharging for supply costs (explicit subsidies) and 92 percent for undercharging for … revenues worth 3.8 percent of global GDP and preventing 0.9 million local air pollution deaths. Accompanying spreadsheets …

Rising fuel subsidies have contributed to fiscal pressures in India. A key policy concern regarding subsidy reform is … implications of fuel subsidy reform in India. Fuel subsidies are found to be badly targeted, with the richest ten percent of … households receiving seven times more in benefits than the poorest ten percent. Although subsidy reform would generate …

consumption to changes in energy prices and the implications of our findings for the debate on energy subsidy reform. Our findings … significant long-term benefits from the reform of energy subsidies. Our findings also indicate that short-term gains from subsidy … reform are likely to be much smaller, which suggests the need for either a gradual approach to subsidy reform or for more …

designing, and gaining public support for, subsidy reform. This paper updates evidence for developing countries on the magnitude … of the welfare impact of subsidy reform and its distribution across income groups, incorporating more recent studies and … subsidy reform for countries where the data necessary for such an analysis is not available …