, competitiveness, and distribution. The paper overviews country experience with subsidy reform, drawing lessons …

targeted subsidies of 1.8 and 0.05 percent of GDP, respectively. To aid with subsidy targeting, we use microdata from over 150 …

consumption to changes in energy prices and the implications of our findings for the debate on energy subsidy reform. Our findings … significant long-term benefits from the reform of energy subsidies. Our findings also indicate that short-term gains from subsidy … reform are likely to be much smaller, which suggests the need for either a gradual approach to subsidy reform or for more …

Rising fuel subsidies have contributed to fiscal pressures in India. A key policy concern regarding subsidy reform is … implications of fuel subsidy reform in India. Fuel subsidies are found to be badly targeted, with the richest ten percent of … households receiving seven times more in benefits than the poorest ten percent. Although subsidy reform would generate …

percent of the 2020 subsidy reflects undercharging for supply costs (explicit subsidies) and 92 percent for undercharging for …