Most tax systems create a tax bias toward debt finance. Such debt bias increases leverage and may negatively affect … financial stability. This paper models and estimates debt bias in the financial sector, and present novel estimates for … investment banks and non-bank financial intermediaries such as finance and insurance companies. We find debt bias to be pervasive …

strong evidence that FDI and portfolio equity liabilities boost TFP growth while external debt is actually negatively … correlated with TFP growth. The negative relationship between external debt liabilities and TFP growth is attenuated in economies …

impact on unemployment in the short term, but that this effect rapidly disappears in the medium term in countries with … with more rigid labor market institutions. These effects are even larger for youth unemployment in the short term and long …-term unemployment in the medium term. Conversely, large upfront, or gradual but significant, comprehensive labor …

relates average unemployment to average wage inflation; the curve is virtually vertical for high inflation rates but becomes …

2022, vacancies reached record highs across all sectors while unemployment fell to pre-pandemic lows. At the same time, the …

Tunisia has one of the highest unemployment rates within the Middle East and Central Asia. We look at the extent to … which institutional factors explain those high unemployment levels. We also assess unemployment cyclicality, by looking at … institutional factors that affect labor demand explain not only about a quarter of the unemployment rate increase in Tunisia, but …