of openness on poverty in two components: the effect of openness on average income growth, and the effect on distribution …-level research, and case studies) supports the view that trade openness contributes greatly to growth. Moreover, trade openness does … of growth and poverty reduction. Trade openness has important positive spillovers on other aspects of reform, however, so …

). Nevertheless, the panel estimation identifies aid, government spending, credit to the private sector, and openness as positive …