In this paper, we analyze how lack of credibility and transparency of monetary and fiscal policies undermines the … credible and lack transparency. If policies are imperfectly credible, then transparency helps private agents to learn the …-country evidence that monetary policy transparency and fiscal credibility reduce the incidence of export price volatility on output …

Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden form a tightly integrated region which has strong ties with the euro area as well … of integration among the four Nordic economies. These differences are driven by the fact that Denmark and Finland have no … independent monetary policy, and Denmark and Norway are net energy exporters while Finland and Sweden are energy importers. We …