set of country-specific foreign variables, computed using bilateral bank lending exposures. Results reveal consi …

policymakers' efforts to strengthen bank capitalization …

identified late, solutions are much more costly. Until recently, Europe has seen only a small number of outright bank failures …, which made the estimation of early warning models for bank supervision very difficult. This paper presents a unique database … of individual bank distress across the European Union from mid-1990s to 2008. Using this data set, we analyze the causes …