This papers estimates the equilibrium exchange rate for Armenia using three different approaches: the purchasing power parity (PPP) approach, the behavioral equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) approach, and the external sustainability (ES) approach. All three approaches suggest that the dram was...

Intro -- Contents -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THE MACROECONOMIC BALANCE APPROACH -- III. THE EXTENDED PPP APPROACH: SINGLE-COUNTRY ESTIMATES -- IV. THE EXTENDED PPP APPROACH: PANEL DATA ESTIMATES -- V. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- APPENDIX. METHODOLOGICAL DIFFICULTIES OF DEALING WITH SLOPE HETEROGENEITY...