This paper analyzes the effects of selected structural reforms on output and employment in the short and medium term … and employment in the medium term. Furthermore, the paper also assesses whether the impact of structural reforms varies …

Early evidence on the pandemic's effects pointed to women's employment falling disproportionately, leading observers to … to two-thirds exhibiting larger declines in women's than men's employment rates. These gender differences in COVID-19's … related to COVID-19's impacts on gender shares in employment within sectors …

We estimate the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on business failures among small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) in … aggregate supply, productivity, and demand shocks. We estimate a large increase in the failure rate of SMEs under COVID-19 of …, Education, and Other Services are among the most affected sectors. The jobs at risk due to COVID-19 related SME business …

(SMEs) in the world. The paper provides empirical evidence on the drivers of SME access to finance for a large sample of … development and better governance would help close the SME financial inclusion gap between MENAP and CCA regions and the best …

fluctuations. The paper also assesses the strength of spillovers from large firms onto SMEs. Using firm-level data covering over 14 …) positive granular shocks at large firms spill over to domestic SMEs' output, especially if SMEs' balance sheets are healthy and … if SMEs belong to the services and manufacturing sectors …

data on thousands of euro area firms, we study factors that affect the access to finance of SMEs. We find that changes in … significantly improve access to finance of SMEs. Finally, access to finance is found to be positively related to firm size and firm …

advanced Europe, where wages are more closely related to inflation and inflation expectations in the short run, implying …