European Community, which Spain joined in 1986. By contrast, this paper takes the view that, to a large extent, the origins of … trends already in effect. Exploring Spain’s economic development from a longer-run perspective, with emphasis on interaction … structural reform gradual. The paper concludes that by mid-1980 Spain had largely accomplished the transition to a modern economy …

characterizing Spain in the period 1979-86. The paper argues, in accordance with the literature and the cross-country evidence, that … the centralization of bargaining yielded positive macroeconomic effects in Spain, and thus that the shift toward a more …

this context, the paper discusses the different experiences of the UK (where employment increased) and Spain (where it fell … sharply), and finds that almost two thirds of the employment losses in Spain resulted from the failure of real wages to adjust …