bimetallism, id est, a near-universal fixed exchange rate system in which (mostly) France stabilized the exchange value between … France, which would have severed the link between gold and silver currencies. Without reform, Germany would thus have risked … accommodation, however. Victory in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870/71 allowed Germany to force accommodation, but only until France …

This paper analyses the effect of asset prices on credit growth in France and tries to disentangle credit demand and … supply factors, both for the whole 1993-2010 period and during periods of financial instability. Using bank-level panel data …

Whether and to what extent tougher bank regulation weighs on economic growth is an open empirical question. Using data … from 28 manufacturing industries in 50 countries, we explore the extent to which cross-country differences in bank … enterprises. This relationship, however, exists only for bank-based systems and emerging market economies. In the pre …