of low- and middle-income countries. The study applies a linear optimization framework to data for bound tariffs, applied … tariffs, and imports at the HS-6 digit level for 58 developing countries, and simulates results for different sets of import …

of an agreement, which cuts tariffs by one percentage point, is 0.5% to 2% of consumption, much larger than in trade …

This paper considers the effects of trade policy-tariffs and quotas-when importing is done by competitive traders who … conventional ranking of tariffs and quotas is turned on its head: quotas are not as bad for welfare as previously believed, while … tariffs may restrict trade by more than originally intended. Furthermore, the allocation of property rights (quota licenses …

-country general equilibrium model, where the degree of market integration depends directly on trade costs (transport costs, tariffs …

This paper analyzes whether uniform tariffs give rise to the highest welfare compared with tariffs that either escalate … or de-escalate along the value chain of production. We show that countries may be better off with de-escalating tariffs … where tariff rates are higher on intermediate inputs and lower on final goods. The key point is that higher tariffs can …

This paper examines the theory underpinning the design of optimal tariffs in a developing economy, and the experience … objectives. The ability to successfully reduce tariffs depends on measures taken to alleviate fiscal and balance of payments …