may have increased unemployment. It is shown that it is likely to be so if they are associated with an increase in the …

lead to unemployment surges, as firms are forced to cut costs when financing becomes expensive or is no longer available …. As a result, all countries with risk premium shocks saw unemployment surge, even as euro area core countries managed to … contain unemployment as firms hoarded labor during the downturn. Most striking, wage bills in euro area crisis countries and …

-run Phillips curve between inflation and unemployment and a trade-off between price distortions and output hysteresis that change … hysteresis effects on unemployment and output. Price level targeting or a Taylor-rule responding to the unemployment rate can …

United States prevents any persistence in relative regional unemployment rates whereas the lack of mobility in Europe results … in persistent unemployment rate differentials across British regions and European nations. Europe must therefore adopt … measures to reduce barriers to immobility if it is to succeed in moderating the persistence in relative unemployment rates …