show that optimism bias is greater the longer the forecast horizon …

IFC as the debt bias would shrink. However, when other considerations eclipse competence and give the incumbent a strong … electoral advantage or disadvantage, setting up an IFC may be counterproductive as the debt bias would increase. If the … bias if voters care sufficiently about policymakers' competence; (ii) not all political environments are conducive to the …

We define the plutocratic bias as the difference between inflation measured according to the current official CPI and a … democratic index in which all households receive the same weight. We estimate that during the 1990s the plutocratic bias in Spain … mean absolute bias is significantly larger, 0.090. We can explain most of the oscillations experimented by the plutocratic …

This paper studies asymptotically the bias of the fixed effect (FE) estimator induced by cross-section heterogeneity in …) asymptotically, the heterogeneity bias of the FE may be more or less severe in VAR specifications than in standard dynamic panel data …