reflect and perpetuate gender norms that limit women's economic participation, and removal of these impediments through legal …, and the United States) that rank high in gender equality in their respective regions demonstrate how legal reforms have …

This paper examines the nature of gender bias in tax systems. Gender bias takes both explicit and implicit forms …. Explicit gender bias is found in many personal income tax systems. Several countries, especially those in Western Europe, have … undertaken to eliminate explicit gender bias in recent years. It is more difficult to identify implicit gender bias, since this …

We study bank portfolio allocations during the transition of the real sector to a knowledge economy in which firms use …

to two-thirds exhibiting larger declines in women's than men's employment rates. These gender differences in COVID-19's … related to COVID-19's impacts on gender shares in employment within sectors …

The advancement of the knowledge frontier is crucial for technological innovation and human progress. Using novel data … talent is a central ingredient in the production of knowledge. Second, such talented individuals born in low- or middle …-income countries are systematically less likely to become knowledge producers. Our findings suggest that policies to encourage …

How important is foreign knowledge for domestic innovation outcomes? How is this relation shaped by globalization and … barriers to the domestic diffusion of foreign knowledge have fallen significantly for emerging economies. For all countries …, and especially for emerging economies, inflows of foreign knowledge have a growing and quantitatively important impact on …

The knowledge production function is central to R&D-based growth models. This paper empirically investigates the … knowledge production function and intertemporal spillover effects using cointegration techniques. Time-series evidence suggests … there are two long-run cointegrating relationships. The first captures a long-run knowledge production function; the second …

a possible widening of gender and inter-generational inequality and provide important inputs for the formulation of …