income redistribution objectives. While the benefits of targeting are clear, id est, a larger poverty impact for a given … therefore depend on how countries decide to trade-off these costs and benefits as well as on the potential for redistribution … through taxes. This paper discusses the trade-offs that arise in different country contexts and the potential for …

discussion of fiscal redistribution within the standard social welfare framework, which lends itself to a transparent and … practical evaluation of the extent and determinants of fiscal redistribution. Differences in fiscal redistribution are … determine the factors explaining differences in their fiscal redistribution and to discuss patterns in fiscal redistribution …

Five years into the ongoing and tragic conflict, the paper analyzes how Syria's economy and its people have been … set the country back decades in terms of economic, social and human development. Syria's GDP today is less than half of … what it was before the war started and it could take two decades or more for Syria to return to its pre-conflict GDP levels …

exchange rate (ERER) in Syria. After reviewing the evolution of the Syrian multiple exchange rate regime since 1960 and … of the ongoing transition to a market economy, a more flexible regime would serve Syria better in the future …

taxes. Finally, using a newly assembled dataset of PIT characteristics of 157 countries over the 2006-2018 period, we … estimate a novel redistribution index of the PIT in LIDCs. We show that the contribution of the PIT to inequality reductions …