this paper, we attempt via four case studies-Spain, China, Colombia, and Nigeria-to illustrate that the improvements in tax …

European Community, which Spain joined in 1986. By contrast, this paper takes the view that, to a large extent, the origins of … trends already in effect. Exploring Spain’s economic development from a longer-run perspective, with emphasis on interaction … structural reform gradual. The paper concludes that by mid-1980 Spain had largely accomplished the transition to a modern economy …

Macroeconomic costs of conflict are generally very large, with GDP per capita about 28 percent lower ten years after … conflict onset. This is overwhelmingly driven by private consumption, which falls by 25 percent ten years after conflict onset …. Conflict is also associated with dramatic declines in official trade, with exports (imports) estimated to be 58 (34) percent …

I use a monthly panel of provincially-collected central government revenues and conflict fatalities to estimate … government revenues lost due to conflict in Afghanistan since 2005. I identify causal effects by instrumenting for conflict using … measurement error in equal share. The findings underscore the considerable economic loss due to conflict, and the importance of …

conflict affect the welfare of these contestants and the allocation of resources to conflict. It is shown that weak sanctions …