commercial banks. The analysis focuses on examining the behavior and determinants of bank intermediation costs and profitability …

Do financial sector reforms necessarily result in expansion of credit to the private sector? How does bank ownership … Indian experience with liberalization of the financial sector to inform this debate. Using bank-level data from 1991-2007, we …

supervisory implementation, making use of data from IMF-World Bank assessments of compliance with international standards and …

in credit allocation, increased independence for the central bank, and a deepening of money and securities markets. Such …

central bank’s funding role, the introduction of new instruments of indirect monetary control, and measures to develop money …

--growing loans of dubious quality, limited central bank supervision--raised the vulnerability of the sector to the external shocks …

We examine how the development of the digital infrastructure known as the 'India Stack'-including an interoperable … of financial services. While each individual component of the India Stack is important, we argue that its key overarching … synergies across the layers of the Stack. Until recently, a large share of India's population lacked access to formal banking …