. We find that in election years with fiscal rules in place, public consumption is reduced by 1.6 percentage point of GDP … as compared to election years without these rules. This impact is equivalent to a reduction by a third of the volatility … institutional design, whether they have been in place for a long time and finally on the degree of competitiveness of elections …

the election, and removed immediately afterwards. The shape of the cycle is shown to depend on the periodicity of … elections, the relative weight attached by the public to inflation as opposed to the macroeconomic distortions associated with …

noteworthy that revenue was not statistically significantly related to elections, either in the pre- or post-election period. In … series data, a clear pattern emerges of pre-election manipulations of fiscal policy by incumbent governments, mainly in the … form of increased development spending and overall primary expenditure, followed in some cases by retrenchment in post-election …

The paper studies empirically fiscal policies around elections in 35 developing countries. It finds that governments … before elections are followed by fiscal consolidation afterwards. These cycles can be found particularly in countries which … concludes that policy advice and macroeconomic projections should not overlook election constraints, and political feasibility …

cycles of the economy: the business, election, and natural disaster cycles. Our main findings suggest that fiscal policy has …

The analysis in this paper suggests that the large fiscal deficits that Pakistan has experienced over most of the … from Pakistan, as well as on foreign currency holdings of domestic residents, may have limited the potential for collecting …

This paper estimates the size of the underground economy in Pakistan and analyzes its impact on Government fiscal …

election. The paper also provides empirical support for the theoretical model. Using quarterly data from 32 industrial and …