-shaped relationship between the shadow economy size and GDP per capita. Our results imply that the shadow economy tends to increase when …

This paper examines the drivers, and reestimates the size of shadow economies in Europe, with a focus on the emerging … economies, and recommends policies to increase formality. The size of shadow economies declined across Europe in recent years … economy size are regulatory quality, government effectiveness, and human capital. The paper argues that a comprehensive …

This paper presents estimates of the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition, and OECD countries, which … are derived by combining figures from different estimation methods. We describe and discuss the strengths and weaknesses … of the different estimation methods. We find that the growth of the shadow economy—which is now remarkably large in the …

We undertake an extended discussion of the latest developments about the existing and new estimation methods of the …. The average size of the shadow economy of the 158 countries over 1991 to 2015 is 31.9 percent. The largest ones are … Multiple Causes (MIMIC) in a structured hybrid-model based estimation procedure, are promising approaches from an econometric …

This paper estimates the size of the underground economy in Pakistan and analyzes its impact on Government fiscal … dependency between the size of the underground economy and fiscal deficits, and show a leakage from the national income …-run policies to reduce the size of the underground economy …