of facts that characterize the dynamic nature of indirect exporting using firm-level data from Vietnam and develop a … trade in Vietnam are generated by indirect exporters. Finally, I demonstrate that a dynamic model that excludes the indirect …

a failure to follow the national trend in poverty reduction. Schooling costs appear to play a large role in this … relationship between poverty, schooling, and child labor. Extrapolating from our results, our estimates imply that roughly half of … India''s rise in schooling and a third of the fall in child labor during the 1990s can be explained by falling poverty and …

new trade policy. In assessing these findings, it should be borne in mind that the links between trade reform and poverty …

This paper uses the 1991 Indian trade liberalization to measure the impact of trade liberalization on poverty, and to … more exposed to liberalization were concentrated, experienced slower decline in poverty and lower consumption growth. The …

decline in earnings, extreme poverty and the Gini coefficient based on labor income increased by around 9.2 and 5 percentage … than offset the labor income losses for the bottom four deciles, however, such that poverty relative to the pre … ended in late 2020. The challenge will be to avoid a sharp increase in poverty and inequality if the labor market does not …

Addressing the poverty and distributional impacts of carbon pricing reforms is critical for the success of ambitious … which carbon pricing can potentially affect poverty and inequality. It finds that the channels differ in important ways …

, which be associated with an increase in poverty of about 75 million people. Policy responses more effective than those in …