Five years into the ongoing and tragic conflict, the paper analyzes how Syria's economy and its people have been … set the country back decades in terms of economic, social and human development. Syria's GDP today is less than half of … what it was before the war started and it could take two decades or more for Syria to return to its pre-conflict GDP levels …

exchange rate (ERER) in Syria. After reviewing the evolution of the Syrian multiple exchange rate regime since 1960 and … of the ongoing transition to a market economy, a more flexible regime would serve Syria better in the future …

presented to senior officials from the central and local governments in Iraq, including from Kurdistan, key options that might …

Containing inflation has turned out to be one of the most challenging aspects of economic management in Iraq. This …

network-representing 20-33% of the frontier knowledge producers. Second, using novel survey data and hand-curated life …